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An interdisciplinary collection that examines zoos from historical, philosophical, social, and cultural perspectives.

Do both the zoo and the mental hospital induce psychosis, as humans are treated as animals and animals are treated as humans? How have we looked at animals in the past, and how do we look at them today? How have zoos presented themselves, and their purpose, over time? In response to the emergence of environmental and animal studies, anthropologists, sociologists, philosophers, theorists, literature scholars, and historians around the world have begun to explore the significance of zoological parks, past and present.

Zoo Studies considers the modern zoo from a range of approaches and disciplines, united in a desire to blur the boundaries between human and nonhuman animals. The volume begins with an account of the first modern mental hospital, La Salpêtrière, established in 1656, and the first panoptical zoo, the menagerie at Versailles, created in 1662 by the same royal architect; the final chapter presents a choreographic performance that imagines the Toronto Zoo as a place where the human body can be inspired by animal bodies. From beginning to end, through interdisciplinary collaboration, this volume decentres the human subject and offers alternative ways of thinking about zoos and their inhabitants. This collection immerses readers in the lives of animals and their experiences of captivity and asks us to reflect on our own assumptions about both humans and animals.

An original and groundbreaking work, Zoo Studies will change the way readers see nonhuman animals and themselves.

Introduction | 3

Daniel Vandersommers and Tracy McDonald

1 Psychotic Humans, Psychotic Animals: The Zoo and the Mental Hospital, 1656-1794 | 19

Matthew Senior

2 The Antelope Collectors | 45

Nigel Rothfels

3 Failed Zoo Experiments: Primatology, Aeronautics, and the Animality of “Modern” Science, 1891-1903 | 65

Daniel Vandersommers

4 Sculpting Dinah with the Blunt Tools of the Historian | 93

Tracy McDonald

5 Stereoscopic Animals: Spectatorship, Kodiak Bears, and the Keystone Animal Set | 119

Zeb Tortorici

6 “Try Telling That to the Polar Bears”: Rationing and Resistance at the Wartime Zoo | 145

John Kinder

7 Gust (ca 1952-1988), or a History from Below of the Changing Zoo | 167

Violette Pouillard

8 Child Stars at the Zoo: The Rise and Fall of Polar Bear Knut | 191

Guro Flinterud

9 Pandas and the Reproduction of Race and Heterosexuality in the Zoo | 211

Marianna Szczygielska

10 Flying Penguins in Japan’s Northernmost Zoo | 237

Takashi Ito

11 Al Gore, Blackfish, and Me: Eco-activist Progress and Prospects for the Future | 262

Randy Malamud

12 Reorienting the Space of Containment, or from Zoosphere to Noösphere and Beyond | 276

Ron Broglio

13 Zoomorphic Bodies: Moving and Being Moved by Animals | 294

Jonathan Osborn